The OMIP-Forcing based on ERA-15
Frank Röske (MPI)
The OMIP-Forcing consists of a mean annual cycle of 365 days. The transition from December to January is smoothed. For computing the turbulent heat fluxes the formula of Kara et al. (2005) is used. It was extended by sea ice concentration (formula code). The budgets of heat and fresh water were closed by using an inverse procedure.
For all forcing parameters including observed sea ice concentrations (Comiso, 2002), the mean annual cycle is available in netCDF. The program to write the data into this format was kindly provided by Robert Hallberg, GFDL.
An Atlas of the OMIP-Forcing
From the forcing data an atlas of heat, fresh water, buoyancy, turbulent kinetic energy, and wind stress was derived. Note please that for the atlas an obsolete closure procedure and an obsolete formula was used. Monthly means and standard deviations were calculated and are available in netCDF and as plots (compressed). Zonal averages of the annual mean are shown for the heat and fresh water flux components for the global ocean and for each basin separately (Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean).
The OMIP climatology is compared with six other climatologies: the direct outputs of the ERA, the Re-Analysis of the NCEP/NCAR, the COADS data in three different versions (Oberhuber 1988, da Silva 1994, Southampton Oceanographic Centre 1997), and the output of the atmospheric model ECHAM4 of the MPI.
Implied northward meridional heat and fresh water transports were calculated for the global ocean and the three basins. Zonal averages are shown for each month and for the annual mean. Oceanic averages (seasonal means and annual means) are represented as bar charts for each basin and for the Arctic Ocean separately. Flux maxima of the main heat gain and loss regions are shown for the Atlantic and Pacific.
Ice concentration observations, coupling coefficients, and transfer coefficients for the latent heat flux are presented in polar projection. Zonal averages of the transfer coefficients are shown with enlarged scale.
There are helpful codes: to calculate the surface areas of the Gaussian T106 grid and to interpolate the runoff. Helpful codes
Comiso, J. 1999, updated 2002: Bootstrap sea ice concentrations for NIMBUS-7 SMMR and DMSP SSM/I, June to September 2001. Boulder, CO, USA: National Snow and Ice Data Center. Digital media.
Kara, A. B., H. E. Hurlburt, A. J. Wallcraft, 2005: Stability-dependent exchange coefficients for air-sea fluxes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 22, 1077-1091. Download.
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